Richard L., an architect of the American hydrogen bomb.
His son Thomas confirmed his death.
Dr. Garwin was a multisex physicist and geopolitical thinker who was only 23 years old when he built the world's first fusion bomb. Later, he became a scientific adviser to many presidents, designing the Pentagon weapons and satellite reconnaissance system, advocating that the balance of Soviet nuclear terror was the best choice for surviving the Cold War, and advocated a verifiable, verifiable nuclear weapons control protocol.
Although his mentor, Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi, called him “the only real genius I've ever seen”, Dr. Garwin is not the father of the hydrogen bomb. Hungarian-born physicist Edward Teller and Polish mathematician Stanislaw Ulam, who developed theories for bombs, may have put forward greater demands on the declaration.
However, in 1951-52, Dr. Calvin was a lecturer at the University of Chicago and was just a summer consultant at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. The actual bomb, using the idea of teller Uram. It is an experimental device with code Ivy Mike, which was transported to the Western Pacific and tested on an atoll in the Marshall Islands.
The device is just to prove the concept of fusion, not even like a bomb. It weighs 82 tons and the plane cannot deliver, looking like a huge thermos bottle. Soviet scientists who did not test comparable equipment until 1955, he called it a thermonuclear device.
But on the Enewetak Atoll on November 1, 1952, it spoke: a comprehensive but conceivable fusion of atoms that flickered huge, instant flashes of light, unreliable observers to distant observers, two miles wide fireballs two miles wide, 700 times higher than the 1945 atomic bomb, which destroyed the 1945 Hiroshima.
With confidentiality sank the development of the U.S. thermonuclear weapon program, Dr. Calvin's role in creating the first hydrogen bomb is almost unknown, beyond a small group of government defense and intelligence officials. It was Dr. Teller, whose name has long been associated with bombs, and he first praised him publicly.
“The lens was shot pretty much according to Galwin's design.” Still, this belated recognition attracted little attention, and Dr. Garwin's Long Long is still unknown.
Compared to later thermonuclear weapons, Dr. Calvin's bomb was primitive. Nevertheless, its primitive power reviews the first atomic bomb test in New Mexico in 1945, and the shocking reaction of its creator J. Robert Oppenheimer, reflecting on the sacred Hindu text of Bhagavan-Gita: “Now I am the death of the world, the destroyer of the world.”
For Dr. Garwin, this is less.
“I never thought building hydrogen bombs was the most important thing in the world, even in my life at that time,” he said to Esquire Magazine in 1984. Asked about any guilty feeling, he said: “I think it would be a better world if there had never been a hydrogen bomb. But I know that bombs would be used to scare the insects.”
IBM's pivot
Although the first hydrogen bomb was built to its specifications, Dr. Calvin was not even present to witness its explosion in Enewetak. “I have never seen a nuclear explosion. I don't want to take the time,” he said in this 2018 itu sue.
Dr. Calvin said he found himself at the intersection in 1952 after his success with the hydrogen bomb project. He could return to the University of Chicago, where he received his PhD under Fermi, now an assistant professor and promised to be one of the most prestigious academic institutions in the country.
Or he can accept more flexible jobs at an international commercial machine company. It offers faculty appointments and use in the Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Columbia University and has extensive freedom to pursue its research interests. This will also allow him to continue as government adviser in Los Alamos and Washington.
He chose the IBM deal, which lasted for forty years until his retirement.
For IBM, Dr. Garwin works on endless pure and applied research projects that produce surprising technological advances in patents, scientific papers, and computer, communications and medicine. His work was crucial to the development of magnetic resonance imaging, high-speed laser printers and later touch screen displays.
Dr. Garwin is a dedicated calves who have worked hard for decades to promote gravitational waves-ripples in the space-time structures predicted by Einstein. In 2015, the expensive detector he supported was able to successfully observe ripples and opened a new window in the universe.
Meanwhile, Dr. Calvin continued to work for the government and consulted on defense issues. As an expert in Weapons of Mass Destruction, he helped select priority Soviet targets and led land, ocean and air combat research involving nuclear weapons submarines, military and civil aircraft, as well as satellite reconnaissance and communication systems. Much of his work remains secret and he remains largely unaware of it.
He became Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. He was also known as opposing the proposal of President Ronald Reagan for a space missile system, known as Star Wars, to defend the country from nuclear attacks. It was never built.
A famous battle by Dr. Calvin has nothing to do with national defense. In 1970, as a member of the Nixon Scientific Advisory Board, he ran for president's support for the development of supersonic transport aircraft. He concluded that SST would be expensive, noisy, and bad for environmental and business fools. Congress gave up funds. Britain and France subsidized their own SST, Concord's development, but Dr. Calvin's prediction was largely correct and interest disappeared.
Conflict with military
Dr. Galwin in the defense agency, a small, sparse fly hair and gentle voice is more suitable for college lectures than the popular seats in Congress, and is more suitable for college lectures, almost legendary figures in the defense agency, delivering speeches, writing articles and choosing in front of lawmakers about what he calls misleading five-point tribute.
Some of his disputes with the army were painful and long-term. These include combat on B-1 bombers, Trident nuclear submarines and MX missile systems, a mobile, land-based intercontinental ballistic missile network, one of the deadliest weapons in history. Eventually, everyone joined the vast arsenal of America.
When Dr. Calvin was frustrated by this setback, he pressed forward. His core message is that the United States should maintain a strategic balance of nuclear power with the Soviet Union. He opposed any weapon or policy that threatened to undermine this balance, because he said it puts Russians under control. He likes to say that Moscow is more interested in the Russians on the scene than the dead Americans.
Dr. Calvin supported a reduction in the reduction of nuclear arsenal, including the Strategic Weapons Restriction Treaty (Salt II) of 1979, negotiated by President Carter and Soviet Prime Minister Leonid Brezhnev. But Dr. Calvin insists that the destruction of mutual assistance is the key to maintaining peace.
In 2021, he joined 700 scientists and engineers, including 21 Nobel Prize winners, and he signed an appeal to President Joseph R. Biden Jr. assured the United States will never be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict. Their letter also calls for an end to the U.S. practice of granting the president the only order to use nuclear weapons. The containment of that authority would be “important protection for possible future presidents or possible presidents who ordered reckless attacks.”
These ideas are politically subtle, and Mr. Biden did not make such a promise.
“The only thing that nuclear weapons do and have been good for, is the huge damage, and because of this threat, prevented nuclear attacks: I'll catch you if you hit me.”
A 5-year-old child prodigy
Richard Lawrence Garwin was born in Cleveland on April 19, 1928, and is the two sons of Robert and Leona (Schwartz). His father was an electronics teacher at a technical high school during the day and a projectionist at a cinema at night. His mother is the legal secretary. At a young age, Richard called Dick, showing outstanding intelligence and technical abilities. By the age of 5, he was repairing household appliances.
He and his brother Edward attended public schools in Cleveland. Dick graduated from Cleveland Heights High School in 1944 and received his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the Western Reserve University in 1947.
In 1947, he married Lois Levy. She died in 2018. Besides his son Thomas, he has another son, Jeffrey, who survived. daughter Laura; five grandchildren; and one great-grandson.
Under the guidance of the University of Chicago Fermi, Dr. Garwin received his master's degree in 1948 and a doctorate in 1949, earning his highest score in the doctoral exam recorded by the university. He then joined the teacher, but at Fermi's urging After spending the summer at Los Alamos Lab, his H-bomb work unfolded.
After retirement in 1993, Dr. Galwin presided over the State Department’s Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Non-Proliferation until 2001. He served on the committee in 1998 to assess the ballistic missile threat to the United States.
Garwin's residence in Scarsdale is not far from his long-term base at IBM Watson Labs, which had moved from Columbia University to Yorktown Heights in Westchester County in 1970.
He served in Harvard, Cornell, and Columbia. He owns 47 patents, has written about 500 scientific research papers, and has written many books, including “Nuclear Weapons and World Politics” (1977, David Gompert and Michael Mandbaum) and “Megawat and Megaton: A Turning Point in the Nuclear Age?” (2001, with Georges Charpak).
He is the subject of the biography, “The True Genius: The Life and Work of Richard Garwin, the Most Influential Scientist You’ve Never Have You Ever Heard” (2017), Joel N. Shurkin.
His numerous honors include the 2002 National Medal of Science, the highest scientific and engineering achievement award from U.S. President George W. Bush, and the highest civilian award from U.S. President Barack Obama in 2016.
“He hasn't had a problem since he was a Cleveland kid who was tinkered with a movie projector from his father,” Mr. Obama said in a relaxed introduction to the White House. “The Scout satellites, MRI, GPS technology, touch screens – all come with his fingerprints. He even applied for shellfish washer for the mussel washer, which I haven't used. I haven't used. I have something else.”
William J. Brod and Ash Wu Contribution report.
